Was most critical to the success of European imperialism and colonialism following the Industrial Revolution medical advances firearms or the steam engine?

The steam engine was most critical to the success of European Imperialism and colonialism following the Industrial Revolution. It facilitated rapid transportation of troops, goods, and resources across vast distances, enabling European powers to exert control over colonies more effectively. While medical advances and firearms played significant roles in managing disease and military dominance, the steam engine fundamentally transformed logistics and infrastructure, making imperial expansion more feasible and efficient.