Which was a major effect of European rule in Africa?

A major effect of European rule in Africa was the significant disruption of indigenous societies and cultures. Colonial powers imposed new political boundaries that often disregarded ethnic and cultural lines, leading to conflicts and social fragmentation. Additionally, European exploitation of resources and labor resulted in economic dependency and long-lasting inequalities that still affect many African nations today. The legacy of colonialism also contributed to political instability and struggles for independence throughout the continent.