Was the Victorian tomes a golden age or dark era?

The Victorian era, spanning from 1837 to 1901, is often characterized as a complex period of both progress and contradiction. It marked significant advancements in industry, science, and literature, leading to social reforms and cultural enrichment, which some view as a golden age. However, it also had dark aspects, such as widespread poverty, colonial exploitation, and strict social norms that marginalized many individuals. Thus, the Victorian era can be seen as both a time of remarkable achievements and profound challenges.