What is the black spruce threats?

Black spruce faces several threats, including climate change, which alters its habitat and increases the frequency of wildfires. Invasive species and pests, such as the spruce budworm, also pose significant risks to its health and survival. Additionally, logging and land-use changes can lead to habitat fragmentation, further stressing black spruce populations. These factors together contribute to the decline of this important boreal forest species.