What is the concept similarities of Rene descartes vs immanuel kant vs niccolo Machiavelli?

Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant, and Niccolo Machiavelli all made significant contributions to philosophy. Descartes is known for his method of doubt and emphasis on reason. Kant focused on ethics and the role of reason in shaping human experience. Machiavelli is known for his pragmatic view of politics and his belief that the ends justify the means.