Which type of disturbance in an ecosystem harms most of the organisms that live above ground?

A significant disturbance that harms most of the organisms living above ground is a wildfire. Wildfires can rapidly consume vegetation, destroying habitats and food sources for many species, including insects, birds, and mammals. The intense heat and flames can lead to direct mortality and disrupt the ecological balance, leading to long-term changes in species composition and ecosystem dynamics. Additionally, post-fire conditions can further stress surviving organisms due to changes in soil composition and increased competition for resources.