Historical background of public administration between 1861-2009?

Between 1861 and 2009, public administration evolved significantly, influenced by industrialization, globalization, and changing governance philosophies. The period began with a focus on efficiency and merit-based systems, spurred by the Progressive Era reforms in the early 20th century. Post-World War II, the field expanded to incorporate theories of management, policy analysis, and public choice, reflecting broader societal changes. By the 21st century, there was a shift towards collaborative governance and the incorporation of technology, emphasizing transparency and citizen engagement.