Who did John Hay negotiate with to establish the Open Door policy?

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2026-04-27 00:11

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John Hay negotiated with major world powers, including Great Britain, Germany, France, Russia, Japan, and Italy, to establish the Open Door policy in 1899. This policy aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China and to prevent any single power from monopolizing Chinese markets. Hay's correspondence sought to promote American commercial interests while maintaining China's territorial integrity amid increasing foreign influence.

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