What countries were involved in the scramble for Africa'?

The "Scramble for Africa" primarily involved European powers, including Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain. These countries sought to expand their empires by colonizing vast territories across the African continent during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized these territorial claims and set the rules for colonization, leading to significant political and social changes in Africa. As a result, many African nations faced exploitation and disruption of their indigenous cultures and societies.