Do you need a visa to work in the Netherlands?

Yes, but you are required to have a working permit, since the US is not part of the European Union. Let me quote the Employee Insurance Schemes Implementing Body:

Are you a citizen of a country outside the EU, EEA or Switzerland? Then you can legally work in the Netherlands if:

• you have a valid residency permit stating that you can legally work in the Netherlands. If you do not have a residency permit, your employer in the Netherlands will have to apply for a work permit for you. Once you have a work permit, you are allowed to work in the Netherlands.

Your employer does not need to apply for a work permit for you, if in the past 5 years (4 years in case you are a Turkish citizen), you have worked in another member state of the EU or EEA or in Switzerland by virtue of a residency permit, and if you have subsequently worked in the Netherlands for one uninterrupted year (however not necessarily for one employer) by virtue of a work permit.

I have left a link to the website under the related links; it contains other information you might find useful.