What principle that sovereign and head of states are exempted from criminal in relation to liability is covered by this law?

The principle that sovereigns and heads of state are exempt from criminal liability is commonly referred to as "sovereign immunity." This legal doctrine holds that a state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution in another state's courts. It is based on the concept of state sovereignty, which emphasizes respect for the authority and dignity of a nation and its leaders. This principle is often codified in international law and treaties, protecting heads of state while they are in office from prosecution for actions taken in their official capacity.