What are the causes and effect of the 1520 Luther is excommunicated in 1521 he is declared an utlaw and a heretic?

Martin Luther's excommunication in 1521 was primarily caused by his challenge to the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, and his call for reform based on scripture. His 95 Theses ignited widespread debate about church authority and doctrine. As a result, Luther was declared an outlaw and a heretic by the Edict of Worms, which effectively marginalized him and his followers, leading to the rise of Protestantism and significant religious and political upheaval in Europe. This marked a pivotal moment in the Reformation, resulting in the fragmentation of the Catholic Church's influence.