How are protons and electrons formed?

Protons and electrons are fundamental subatomic particles that are not formed from other particles but rather are considered elementary in the Standard Model of particle physics. Protons are composed of three quarks held together by the strong force, mediated by gluons, while electrons are leptons, a separate category of fundamental particles. During the early moments after the Big Bang, energy from the universe's rapid expansion converted into matter, leading to the formation of protons, neutrons, and electrons as the universe cooled. These particles then combined to form atoms, which make up all matter.