A drilling rig is one of the types of oil and gas equipment. It is a complex of equipment and drilling facilities designed for drilling oil and gas wells.
Drilling rigs for the development and exploration of oil and gas fields in general include:
- Hoisting equipment ( crown block , winch , hook block );
- Circulation equipment ( mud pumps , swivels , tanks, manifolds);
- Drilling facilities ( rigs , bridges, tower bases, racks);
- Blowout protection equipment;
- Equipment for the preparation of drilling fluids (slurry pumps, hydraulic funnels, hydraulic mixers);
- Power equipment for winch drive, drilling pumps, rotor (diesel engines, electric engines).
All drilling rigs are equipped with a drive of the main mechanisms (diesel with a mechanical transmission or electric with a digital smooth control system)
In some cases, it is possible to complete with an independent rotor drive
The kinetic basis of the drilling rig is the lifting mechanism
The lifting mechanism is started when a dynamic load occurs .
Dynamic loads arise during tripping operations due to the action of acceleration or deceleration, as well as elastic vibrations created during transients.
The sources of dynamic loads are shocks and shocks that occur when picking up the pipe string and transitions of the traveling rope to the next layer of winding.
Gaps and mounting displacements in the joints of the nodes and parts of the lifting mechanism and its drive can also contribute to dynamic loading.
Application of drilling rigs
Drilling rigs are used:
- For drilling shallow wells (up to 25 m) and wells of small diameter (76-219 mm) during seismic exploration.
- For drilling wells of medium depth (up to 600m) - structural and exploratory wells for solid minerals
- For drilling deep wells (up to 6000m). Extraction of oil and gas, as well as for the exploration of new oil and gas fields.
- Ultra-deep drilling of wells (up to 15000m) for oil and gas production and development of new fields.
- Drilling wells for water.
- Overhaul of oil and gas wells.
- Well testing for oil and gas.
By functional purpose, drilling rigs are divided into:
- installations for engineering-geological surveys
- installations for water extraction, dewatering and geothermal heat supply works, for various hydrogeological works
- installations for construction works (drilling for pile and micropiling foundations, for installing anchors)
- installations for geological exploration
- seismic installations
- installations for the construction of power transmission towers
Drilling rig design
- Executive bodies (main) - winch, rotor, tower, traveling system, swivel, mud pump, circulation system.
- Power bodies - diesel engines, electric motors, drives, power hydraulic system, pneumo-hydraulic system
- Auxiliary bodies - movement mechanisms, auxiliary winch, metal structures, lighting systems, water supply systems, heating systems, ventilation systems, etc.
- Information bodies - control of drilling parameters
- Governing bodies
Derrick
The drilling rig is a key node in the equipment of drilling rigs. Performs the following functions:
- Maintenance of the drill string on the traveling system during drilling with unloading.
- Tripping operations with casing and drill pipes
- Placement of the traveling system and means of mechanization of hoisting operations, in particular, ASP mechanisms, KMSP or a platform of a mounted worker, an emergency evacuation device for a mounted worker, a top drive system and auxiliary equipment.
Drilling rigs are classified:
- By appointment - for the overhaul of wells and related units, for offshore drilling rigs, for mobile drilling rigs, for stationary drilling rigs.
- By design - mast, tower.
