Under Deng Xiaoping's policies, which aimed to control population growth, couples with more than one child often faced social stigma and discrimination. Many in the community viewed them as defying government regulations, leading to social ostracism. Additionally, such families might have faced fines, limited access to social services, and other penalties, reinforcing a societal pressure to comply with the one-child policy. This created an environment where having multiple children was not only discouraged by the state but also looked down upon by peers.
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