Which territories were non-slave-holding in 1854?

In 1854, the territories that were non-slave-holding included the free states of the North and territories established under the Missouri Compromise, such as the Oregon Territory. It is important to note that the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 introduced the concept of popular sovereignty, allowing settlers in those territories to decide on the legality of slavery, leading to significant conflict. As a result, the status of slavery in these areas was contentious and evolving rather than strictly non-slave-holding.