What structural innovation illustrated by this drawing allowed for the support of a heavy vaulted ceiling in a Gothic cathedral?

The structural innovation that allowed for the support of a heavy vaulted ceiling in a Gothic cathedral is the use of flying buttresses. These external supports transfer the weight of the vaulted ceilings and walls outward, reducing the pressure on the walls and allowing for taller and more expansive designs. This innovation enabled the inclusion of large stained glass Windows, enhancing the cathedral's aesthetic and spiritual impact.