This painting demonstrates Giotto's innovative use of what?

This painting demonstrates Giotto's innovative use of spatial depth and emotional expression, which marked a significant departure from the flat, two-dimensional style of Byzantine art. He employed techniques like chiaroscuro to create a sense of volume and three-dimensionality, as well as a more naturalistic portrayal of human figures. Giotto's focus on realistic gestures and facial expressions also enhanced the emotional impact of his subjects, engaging viewers in a more profound narrative.