What resources was used by early civilizations to collect taxes?

Early civilizations utilized various resources to collect taxes, primarily relying on agricultural produce, livestock, and labor as forms of payment. Landowners often paid taxes in grain or other crops, which were then stored in granaries. Additionally, governments sometimes employed scribes to keep detailed records of tax obligations and collections, ensuring a systematic approach to taxation. Trade goods were also taxed, contributing to the revenue needed for public projects and administration.