Why were some people in the 1800s skeptical vaccines?

In the 1800s, skepticism about vaccines stemmed from several factors, including a lack of understanding of how vaccines worked and fear of unknown medical practices. Many people were suspicious of the new science of immunization, as it challenged traditional beliefs about disease and health. Additionally, there were concerns about the safety and potential side effects of vaccines, fueled by misinformation and anecdotal reports of adverse reactions. Social and cultural factors, including distrust in government and medical authorities, also contributed to the hesitancy surrounding vaccination.