What are the cell signaling pathways in glaucoma?

In glaucoma, several key cell signaling pathways are implicated in the pathophysiology of retinal ganglion cell death and optic nerve damage. The most significant pathways include the neurotrophic factor signaling pathway, which involves brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptors, and the apoptotic signaling pathways that involve caspases and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, the RhoA/ROCK pathway plays a critical role in regulating intraocular pressure and cellular responses to stress. Dysregulation of these pathways contributes to the neurodegenerative processes observed in glaucoma.