How hot can a transistor get before damage?

Transistors can typically operate safely at temperatures up to around 150°C (302°F), but this can vary based on the specific type and design of the transistor. Exceeding this threshold can lead to thermal runaway, reduced performance, or permanent damage. For optimal reliability, most designs aim to keep junction temperatures significantly lower, often below 125°C (257°F). Proper heat management and thermal design are crucial to prevent overheating and ensure longevity.