When is it morally acceptable to target civilian populations?

Targeting civilian populations is generally considered morally unacceptable under international humanitarian law and ethical standards. Civilians should be protected from harm, and military operations should distinguish between combatants and non-combatants. Exceptions may arise in extreme situations where civilian safety is compromised, but these should be approached with caution, ensuring that any actions taken are necessary, proportionate, and aimed at minimizing harm to civilians. Overall, the principle of proportionality and the protection of human life must guide any military decision-making.