What effects are created by hatching and crosshatching?

Hatching and crosshatching are techniques used in drawing to create shading, texture, and depth. Hatching involves drawing closely spaced parallel lines, while crosshatching adds layers of intersecting lines for richer tonal variation. These techniques can suggest light and shadow, enhance form, and create a sense of volume in two-dimensional works. Additionally, the density and direction of the lines can evoke different moods and atmospheres in the artwork.