What is the difference between video card and graphics controller?

A video card, also known as a graphics card, is a dedicated hardware component that processes and renders images, videos, and animations for display, typically containing its own GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), memory, and circuitry. In contrast, a graphics controller is a more general term that can refer to either integrated graphics built into a CPU or a chip that manages the graphics output but might not have the same level of performance or capabilities as a dedicated video card. Essentially, while all video cards include a graphics controller, not all graphics controllers are video cards.