How did Americans disagree over the role of federal and state governments before and during the Civil War?

Before and during the Civil War, Americans were deeply divided over the balance of power between federal and state governments. Proponents of states' rights argued that states should have the authority to govern themselves and make decisions, particularly regarding issues like slavery and individual liberties. In contrast, federalists believed in a stronger central government that could enforce national laws and maintain the Union. This clash over governance intensified as states seceded and the federal government sought to preserve the nation, ultimately leading to the war.