Why did the southern state governments create pulled taxi literacy test and grandfather clauses?

Southern state governments implemented literacy tests and grandfather clauses primarily to disenfranchise Black voters and maintain white supremacy following the Reconstruction era. Literacy tests were designed to be difficult and confusing, effectively preventing many Black citizens from voting. Grandfather clauses allowed individuals to bypass these literacy requirements if their ancestors had been eligible to vote before the Civil War, thus favoring white voters and further entrenching racial discrimination in the electoral process.