What new development across the globe is the Columbian Exchange associated with?

The Columbian Exchange is primarily associated with the widespread transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century. This exchange dramatically transformed global agriculture, introduced crops like potatoes and maize to Europe, and brought European livestock to the Americas. It also had profound social and economic impacts, including the spread of diseases that decimated indigenous populations. Ultimately, the Columbian Exchange laid the groundwork for the modern globalized world.