How did Paine use concepts of equality reason and nature to criticize the legitimacy of monarchical government and British control of the colonies?

Thomas Paine criticized monarchical government and British control of the colonies by appealing to concepts of equality, reason, and nature in his writings. He argued that all individuals are inherently equal and that hereditary rule contradicts this principle, asserting that government should be based on reason and the consent of the governed rather than force or tradition. Paine also emphasized that natural rights are universal, and any government that infringes upon these rights lacks legitimacy. Through these arguments, he called for a democratic system that reflects the will of the people rather than the arbitrary authority of a monarch.