Why are spore-forming organisms more resistant than non-spore-forming species?

Spore-forming organisms, such as certain bacteria and fungi, produce spores that are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions, including heat, desiccation, radiation, and chemical agents. This resilience is due to the spore's protective coatings and low metabolic activity, which allow them to survive harsh conditions that would be lethal to non-spore-forming species. Additionally, spores can remain dormant for extended periods, enabling them to endure unfavorable conditions until they encounter a more suitable environment for growth and reproduction.