How did the modern bourgeoisie arise?

The modern bourgeoisie emerged during the late Middle Ages and the early modern period, primarily as a result of the expansion of trade and commerce, particularly in Europe. The decline of feudalism and the rise of market economies allowed individuals to accumulate wealth through trade, banking, and industry. This new middle class gained social and political influence, challenging the traditional aristocracy and shaping modern capitalist societies. Their rise was also facilitated by advancements in technology, exploration, and changes in social structures.