What is a instrument used to play a vinyl disk called?

A Record Player

*

Phonograph is the official name but there were a bazillion names like Gramophone, Graphophone, etc. Usually each different company that manufactured a phonograph in the early days had a name for their product like "Victrola."

Jukeboxes as well played records. Then when phonographs became electrified and smaller they started being known generically as "record players."