How do you derivation expression of polarization of light?

The derivation of the expression for polarization of light typically begins with the wave nature of light, described by Maxwell's equations. When light waves pass through a polarizer, they are restricted to oscillate in a specific direction, resulting in the transmission of only the component of the electric field aligned with the polarizer's axis. This leads to Malus's Law, which states that the intensity of polarized light after passing through a polarizer is given by ( I = I_0 \cos^2(\theta) ), where ( I_0 ) is the initial intensity and ( \theta ) is the angle between the light's polarization direction and the axis of the polarizer.