What are the materials and equipment to measure water pollution?

To measure water pollution, various materials and equipment are used, including water sampling bottles for collecting samples, portable water quality meters for measuring parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and conductivity, and chemical test kits for specific contaminants like nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. Additionally, spectrophotometers can analyze the concentration of pollutants by measuring light absorption in water samples. Field sensors and probes can also provide real-time data on water quality parameters.