ANSWER
1 - the flight. Of course the runaway slave who was captured was subject to harsh punishments, but it would first take him which was not so easy and generally costly.
The owner had first to hire a posse to search, find and pursue the fugitive. If the slave, as often happened, didn't stop after the intimation the pursuers generally, opened the fire and he could be killed with a "loss of capital" for the owner, which could amount to several hundred of dollars of the time.
2 - The passive resistance. They didn't worked hardly but saving their energy, as admitted by most of the planters and watched by many eyewitnesses.
3 - Another way was that of "get sick". To discern a slave really sick from a fake one was very difficult for the diagnostics of the time. Therefore most of the owners accepted "willy-nilly" such claims in order to avoid "losses of capital" in the case of
real diseases, which could lead to the death of the person, as actually reported of being happened.
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