Can primary succession begin after a severe storm?

Yes, primary succession can begin after a severe storm, particularly if the storm causes significant disturbances such as the removal of vegetation and soil. This process typically occurs in areas where soil has not yet formed, such as after volcanic eruptions or glacial retreats. In the aftermath of a storm, pioneer species like lichens and mosses may colonize the bare surfaces, gradually leading to the development of a more complex ecosystem over time. However, if the storm only causes minor disturbances, secondary succession may instead occur in previously established ecosystems.