When was the pharaoh regarded as a shepherd of the people?

The pharaoh was regarded as a shepherd of the people during ancient Egypt's long history, particularly in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE). This title symbolized the pharaoh's role as a protector and guide, responsible for the welfare and prosperity of his subjects. The concept emphasized the pharaoh's duty to maintain order, provide for the populace, and ensure the favor of the gods. This pastoral metaphor underscored the pharaoh's divine right to rule and his responsibility toward the people.