How does the arrangement of atoms in graphite allow a pencil to make a mark?

The arrangement of atoms in graphite consists of layers of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, where each layer is held together by weak van der Waals forces. When a pencil is applied to paper, the friction causes these layers to slide off, leaving behind a trail of carbon particles on the surface. This transfer of graphite from the pencil to the paper creates a mark, allowing for writing or drawing. The layered structure makes graphite soft and easily transferable, which is essential for its function as a writing instrument.