Trading kindgoms of this region subsuhara thrived until?

The trading kingdoms of the Sub-Saharan region, such as the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, thrived until the late 16th century, when factors like the rise of European maritime trade routes and the decline of trans-Saharan trade diminished their economic power. Additionally, internal strife, political fragmentation, and the impact of colonialism further weakened these once-prosperous empires. The introduction of new trade dynamics and resources shifted the focus away from traditional land-based trade routes.