What did Columbian exchange how did it change Europe and the Americas?

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, technology, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyages in the late 15th century. It dramatically changed Europe by introducing new crops like potatoes and maize, which contributed to population growth and economic expansion. In the Americas, it led to the introduction of European livestock and agricultural practices, while also devastating indigenous populations through diseases like smallpox. This exchange fundamentally reshaped societies, economies, and ecosystems on both sides of the Atlantic.