Why did campaign for independence gain momentum in 19 th century?

The campaign for independence in the 19th century gained momentum due to a combination of factors, including the influence of Enlightenment ideals, which emphasized liberty, equality, and self-determination. The Napoleonic Wars disrupted colonial powers, weakening their control and emboldening independence movements. Additionally, the rise of nationalism and the desire for self-governance among various ethnic and cultural groups fueled demands for independence across Latin America, Europe, and beyond. These factors culminated in widespread revolutions and the establishment of new nations throughout the century.