Atticus is referring to slavery and the plight of black people when they were slaves, after slavery was abolished, and the general attitude toward black people that still prevailed at the time this book was written - especially in the south. He is saying that intelligent men should recognize that the inequality and prejudice toward blacks is wrong, and the way they are treated by white people is morally reprehensible. But it is hard to change a belief and a way of life that has been held by whites for generations. As hard as it can be to go against the flow, it is our obligation and challenge to do all that we can to change this attitude toward blacks, and to lead by example in the way we treat any man, regardless of color.
It is an amazing book, isn't it?
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