What advantages the Europeans had over the Africans?

Europeans had several advantages over Africans during the colonial period, primarily in terms of advanced military technology, such as firearms and artillery, which gave them a significant edge in conflicts. Additionally, Europeans had superior naval capabilities, allowing them to traverse oceans and establish supply lines. They also benefited from advanced medical knowledge, which helped them combat diseases that were often lethal to their own populations in Africa. Furthermore, the Europeans exploited internal divisions and rivalries among African societies, facilitating their conquests and colonial domination.