What are the minimum safe altitudes for flying over congested and non congested areas?

The minimum safe altitude for flying over congested areas is typically 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet from the aircraft. For non-congested areas, the minimum altitude is generally 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas, where lower altitudes may be permissible. These regulations are designed to ensure safety and reduce the risk of collisions with obstacles and people on the ground.