How can breakdown voltage of a diode be controlled?

The breakdown voltage of a diode can be controlled by altering its doping concentration and the thickness of the depletion region. Increasing doping levels generally leads to a lower breakdown voltage, while a wider depletion region can increase it. Additionally, the diode's material properties and structural design, such as using different semiconductor materials or introducing guard rings, can also influence the breakdown voltage. By carefully engineering these factors, manufacturers can create diodes with specific breakdown voltage characteristics to suit various applications.