The Mongols were forced to withdraw from Southeast Asia primarily due to logistical challenges, including the difficulty of maintaining supply lines over vast distances and the need to manage multiple fronts. Additionally, they faced fierce resistance from local kingdoms, such as the Vietnamese and the Khmer, who utilized guerrilla tactics and had the advantage of knowing the terrain. The Mongols' inability to adapt effectively to the tropical climate and the protracted nature of their campaigns further contributed to their decision to retreat.
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