Who were the perpetrators of the AL-Anfal genocide?

The perpetrators of the AL-Anfal genocide were primarily the Iraqi government forces under the regime of Saddam Hussein, specifically the Iraqi military and security apparatus. This campaign, conducted between 1986 and 1989, targeted the Kurdish population in northern Iraq and aimed to suppress Kurdish nationalist movements. The operation included mass killings, forced displacements, and the use of chemical weapons, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 Kurds.