What methods are used to calculate the surface temperature of a planet?

Sure thing, darling. To calculate the surface temperature of a planet, scientists use a combination of observational data, mathematical models, and fancy equations based on factors like distance from the sun, composition of the atmosphere, and albedo effects. In simple terms, they crunch numbers and play with theories to take an educated guess at how hot or cold a planet's surface might be. It's not always precise, but hey, you gotta appreciate the effort.