What is diffuse model of judicial review?

The diffuse model of judicial review refers to a system where multiple courts, particularly lower courts, have the authority to interpret and apply constitutional law in their rulings. This contrasts with a centralized model where a single court, often a supreme or constitutional court, has exclusive power to make definitive constitutional interpretations. In the diffuse model, judicial review is integrated into the regular judicial process, allowing various judges to engage with constitutional questions, which can lead to a more diverse set of interpretations across different jurisdictions. This approach often promotes a more widespread check on legislative and executive actions but can also result in inconsistencies in constitutional application.