Can you use acetone to clean carbon fiber bicycle rims?

Yes you can, but unless you've gotten nail varnish on it I can't think of one solid reason for doing so. It's excessively aggressive, evaporates almost immediately and is pointlessly unhealthy for your skin and nervous system. If it's just road grime you want to get rid off water and a washing up detergent would do the trick just as well. If it's stickers you want to remove things like methylated spirits or naphta would be my first choice.